Intracellular pathogens under attack

Intracellular pathogens under attack

T he immune system provides a formidable barrier that prevents us from being overwhelmed by the numerous microbial pathogens that we encounter every day. However, many pathogens manage to escape the immune system by invading cells and replicating within them. To counter these pathogens immune cells produce a powerful cytokine called interferon-g that reprograms the invaded cells to express hund...

Evolution of intracellular pathogens.

The evolution of intracellular pathogens is considered in the context of ambiguities in basic definitions and the diversity of host-microbe interactions. Intracellular pathogenesis is a subset of a larger world of host-microbe interactions that includes amoeboid predation and endosymbiotic existence. Intracellular pathogens often reveal genome reduction. Despite the uniqueness of each host-micr...

Remodeling schemes of intracellular pathogens.

Computationalism under Attack

Since the early eighties, computationalism in the study of the mind has been “under attack” by several critics of the so-called “classic” or “symbolic” approaches in AI and cognitive science. Computationalism was generically identified with such approaches. For example, it was identified with both Allen Newell and Herbert Simon’s Physical Symbol System Hypothesis and Jerry Fodor’s theory of Lan...

The family under attack.

Over dinner one night at one of the recent major heart meetings, some colleagues and I discussed a wide range of issues—from the Florida vote recount to the new American College of Cardiology Foundation. Much of our discussion, however, centered on our families and the challenges of marriage and raising children. Initially, we brought each other up to date on where our children were and what th...